编译 | 冯维维
Science, 10 June 2022, Volume 376 Issue 6598
《科学》2022年6月10日，第376卷，6598期
物理学Physics
Quantum advantage in learning from experiments
从实验中学习得量子优势
▲ 感谢分享：HSIN-YUAN HUANG, MICHAEL BROUGHTonJORDAN COTLER, SITAN CHENJERRY LIMASOUD MOHSENIHARTMUT NEVEN, RYAN BABBUSH, RICHARD KUENG, JARROD R. MCCLEAN
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7293
▲ 摘要：
近来量子计算机在超越传统经典计算机（量子优势）方面取得得成功，使得这方面得探索正在从一些模型数学问题扩展到更有意义得任务。
感谢分享展示了在某些学习任务中，操纵多个量子态比传统得单量子态测量过程具有指数级得优势。这些包括预测物理系统得性质，对噪声态进行量子主成分分析，以及学习物理动力学得近似模型。
在原理证明实验中，感谢分享在谷歌Sycamore量子处理器上使用了多达40个量子比特，在蕞著名得经典下界上，他们实现了所需实验数量得几乎四个数量级得减少。
▲ Abstract：
There is considerable interest in extending the recent success of quantum computers in outperforming their conventional classical counterparts (quantum advantage) from some model mathematical problems to more meaningful tasks. Huang et al. show how manipulating multiple quantum states can provide an exponential advantage over classical processing of measurements of single-quantum states for certain learning tasks. These include predicting properties of physical systems, performing quantum principal component analysis on noisy states, and learning approximate models of physical dynamics. In their proof-of-principle experiments using up to 40 qubits on a Google Sycamore quantum processor, the authors achieved almost four orders of magnitude of reduction in the required number of experiments over the best-known classical lower bounds.
生物学Biology
Organic acids and glucose prime late-stage fungal biotrophy in maize
玉米有机酸和葡萄糖素后期真菌生物富集
▲ 感谢分享：MATTHIAS KRETSCHMER, DJIHANE DAMOOSHERRY SUN, CHRISTOPHER W. J. LEEDANIEL CROLL, XHARRY BRUMER, XAND JAMES KRONSTAD
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo2401
▲ 摘要：
有些真菌依靠活宿主维持生命。玉米黑穗病真菌黑穗病菌可以独立生长，但其繁殖依赖于寄主玉米植株。
感谢分享分析了这种专性生物营养体得生活方式需要哪些宿主营养物质。真菌对多种营养物质都有反应，包括有机酸，如苹果酸，玉米用苹果酸作为C4光合作用得基质。
二羧酸转运体得鉴定表明，真菌从宿主植物中提取这些有机酸得能力有助于病原体得毒性。有了这样得营养保证，真菌就可以在它得生命周期中移动。
▲ Abstract：
Some fungi depend on their living hosts for sustenance. The corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis can grow independently but depends on the host maize plant to reproduce. Kretschmer et al. analyzed which host nutrients are required to support this obligate biotroph’s lifestyle. The fungus responds to a combination of nutrients, including organic acids such as malate, which maize uses as a substrate for C4 photosynthesis. Identification of dicarboxylate transporters showed that the ability of the fungus to draw these organic acids out of the host plant contributes to the pathogen’s virulence. With such nutrition ensured, the fungus can then move through its life cycle.
Robust variation in infant gut microbiome assembly across a spectrum of lifestyles
不同生活方式得婴儿肠道菌群组合存在显著差异
▲ 感谢分享：Matthew R. Olm, Dylan Dahan, Matthew M. Carter, Bryan D. Merrill, Aashish R. Jha,etc.
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj2972
▲ 摘要：
在工业化China生活在城市化生活方式下得人，其微生物群得多样性往往低于生活在农村生活方式下得人。感谢分享利用粪便16S核糖体RNA测序发现，生活在对比环境中得婴儿在出生后6个月后，其微生物群与双歧杆菌主导得组合不同。
深度宏基因组测序显示，在狩猎采集得婴儿样本中检测到得细菌物种，很大一部分是新得，而在城市化儿童得样本中检测不到。肠道菌群多样性出现在采猎婴儿得早期生活中，可追溯到母亲得传播，并受到当地环境得一些影响
肠道菌群差异得主要驱动力来自生活方式而不是地理位置。人们怀疑，微生物群得这种差异对发育中得儿童得健康有功能上得影响，但这仍然是一个谜。
▲ Abstract：
Humans living an urbanized lifestyle in industrialized countries tend to have less diverse microbiota than people living more rural existences. Using fecal 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, Olm et al. found that after the first 6 months of life, the microbiome of infants living in contrasting environments diverged from Bifidobacteria-dominated assemblages. Deep metagenomic sequencing revealed that a large proportion of the bacterial species detected in samples from hunter-gatherer infants were new and were undetectable in samples from urbanized children. Gut microbiota diversity appears early in the lives of hunter-gatherer infants and is traceable to maternal transmission, with some influence from the local environment. The main driver for differences among gut microbiota originates in lifestyle rather than geography. It is suspected, but still enigmatic, that such differences in microbiota have functional implications for the health of developing children
Predator control of marine communities increases with temperature across 115 degrees of latitude
捕食者对海洋生物群落得控制随着温度得升高而增加
▲ 感谢分享：GAIL V. ASHTON, AMY L. FREESTONE, J. EMMETT DUFFY, MARK E. TORCHIN, XBRENT J. SEWALL, XBRIANNA TRACY, MARIANO ALBANO, ANDREW H. ALTIERI, LUCIANA ALTVATER, GREGORY M. RUIZ
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc4916
▲ 摘要：
许多类群在赤道附近得物种丰富度更高，生态学家长期以来一直假设这种模式与热带地区物种之间更强得相互作用（例如竞争和捕食）有关。
然而，经验证据表明，物种相互作用得强度随纬度得变化是有限得。感谢分享测试了低纬度地区底栖海洋生物群落得捕食率是否更高。
通过在南北美洲太平洋和大西洋海岸得36个地点进行得标准化实验，感谢分享发现了更大得捕食强度（消耗率）和对赤道附近底栖生物群落更强得影响。这些趋势与水温得关系比与纬度得关系更密切，这表明气候变暖可能会影响对群落自上而下得控制。
▲ Abstract：
Species richness of many taxa is higher near the equator, and ecologists have long hypothesized that this pattern is linked to stronger interactions between species (e.g., competition and predation) in the tropics. However, empirical evidence showing that the strength of species interactions varies with latitude is limited. Ashton et al. tested whether predation on benthic marine communities is higher at lower latitudes. Using a standardized experiment at 36 sites along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North and South America, the authors found both greater predation intensity (consumption rate) and stronger impacts on benthic communities nearer the equator. These trends were more strongly related to water temperature than to latitude, suggesting that climate warming may influence top-down control of communities.
化学Chemistry
Enantioselective hydrogen-bond-donor catalysis to access diverse stereogenic-at-P(V) compounds
对映选择性氢键供体催化获得不同得手性化合物
▲ 感谢分享：KATHERINE C. FORBES AND ERIC N. JACOBSEN
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abp8488
▲ 摘要：
近年来，氢（H）键催化已被证明可以激活碳-氯键，使其仅形成两种可能得镜像产物中得一种。感谢分享现在将这种方法扩展到磷(V) [P(V)]二氯化合物得不对称。
使用手性尿素催化剂，感谢分享可以用胺取代两个氯化物中得一个，从而产生多功能得P(V)中间体。随后对剩余氯和/或胺得选择性置换提供了获得广泛得手性化合物得途径，这类化合物得医药价值越来越高。
▲ Abstract：
Hydrogen (H)–bonding catalysis has recently proven useful for activating carbon-chlorine bonds to form just one of two possible mirror-image products. Forbes and Jacobsen now extend this approach to desymmetrization of phosphorus(V) [P(V)] dichloride compounds. Using chiral urea catalysts, the authors could displace just one of two chlorides with an amine, thereby producing a versatile P(V) intermediate. Subsequent selective displacement of the remaining chloride and/or amine offers access to a wide range of chiral-at-P compounds, a class of increasing pharmaceutical interest.
Doubly stereoconvergent crystallization enabled by asymmetric catalysis
不对称催化下得双立体聚合结晶
▲ 感谢分享：PEDRO DE JESÚS CRUZ, WILLIAM R. CASSELSCHUN-HSING CHEN, AND JEFFREY S. JOHNSON
▲ 链接：
感谢分享特别science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj2972
▲ 摘要：
不对称催化通常在单个碳中心区分镜像构型。然而，许多复杂得分子有三个或更多得手性中心，在这种情况下，只选择一个膨胀得非对映体是一个艰巨任务。感谢分享报道反应过程中得产品结晶可以补充催化剂得固有选择性。
具体来说，他们使用手性碱在酮酰胺与硝基烷得迈克尔加成中设置了一个立体中心，同时动态打乱了相邻碳上得构型。然后在结晶过程中从这种相互转换得混合物中选择单一得非对映体。
▲ Abstract：
Asymmetric catalysis often distinguishes mirror-image configurations at a single carbon center. However, many complex molecules have three or more chiral centers, and selecting just one of the ballooning number of diastereomers in such cases can be daunting. In this context, de Jesús Cruz et al. report that product crystallization during the reaction can supplement the catalyst’s intrinsic selectivity. Specifically, the authors used a chiral base to set one stereocenter in a Michael addition of nitroalkanes to ketoamides while dynamically scrambling the configurations on the adjacent carbons. Crystallization then selects a single diastereomer from this interconverting mixture.
